New research finds that the condition of European fisheries is worse than previously thought, with stocks of popular fish down more than 90% from peak fishing years early in the last century.
Researchers from the University of York and the Marine Conservation
Society (MCS) found that the UK trawl fishing fleet has to work 17 times harder to catch the same amount of fish today as it did when most of its boats were powered by sail.
Researchers used UK Government data on the amount of fish caught and the size and number of boats involved–the fleet’s fishing power–to analyse the change in fish stocks since 1889.
They found that trawl fish landings peaked in 1937, 14 times higher than today, and the availability of bottom-living fish to the fleet fell by 94%.
The findings are the result of a study using previously overlooked records and suggest the decline in stocks of popular fish such as cod, haddock and plaice is far more profound than previously thought.
The research is published in Nature Communications, the new online science journal from the publishers of Nature.
Ruth Thurstan, lead author of the study from the University of York’s Environment Department, said: "We were astonished to discover that we landed over four times more fish into England and Wales in 1889 than we do today.
"For all its technological sophistication and raw power, today’s trawl fishing fleet has far less success than its sail-powered equivalent of the late 19th century because of the sharp declines in fish abundance."
The findings suggest that the damage to fisheries is greater and has taken place over a much longer period than previously acknowledged, pre-dating developments such as the Common Fisheries Policy which are usually blamed for declining stocks.
Simon Brockington, Head of Conservation at the Marine Conservation Society and an author of the study, said: "Over a century of intensive trawl fishing has severely depleted UK seas of bottom living fish like halibut, turbot, haddock and plaice.
"It is vital that governments recognise the changes that have taken place. The reform of the Common Fisheries Policy gives an opportunity to set stock protection and recovery targets that are reflective of the historical productivity of the sea."
The study calculated ‘landings of fish per unit of fishing power’ (LPUP) from 1889 to 2007 to give an indication of changes in the amount of fish available for capture by the fishing fleet. In that time, LPUP declined 500 times for halibut, more than 100 times for haddock and more than 20 times for plaice, wolffish, hake and ling. Cod has declined by 87%.
Professor Callum Roberts, from the University of York’s Environment Department, said: "This research makes clear that the state of UK bottom fisheries–and by implication European fisheries, since the fishing grounds are shared–is far worse than even the most pessimistic of assessments currently in circulation.
"European fish stock assessments, and the management targets based on them, go back only 20 to 40 years. These results should supply an important corrective to the short-termism inherent in fisheries management today."
Loading...
Phil MacMullen, Head of Environmental Responsibility at Seafish: “We welcome any attempt to create a historical perspective on the UK fishing industry but we’re confused as to why so much effort has been put into producing remarkably little. This piece of work essentially repeats Professor Roberts’ 2007 book about fishing and its impacts. The problem here is that many data sets are being mined but they’re not always compatible. This makes a lot of the detailed findings tenuous at best. For example, sometimes Scottish data are included, sometimes not, the impact of the Cod Wars isn’t really included, natural stock fluctuations aren’t explained, and the accuracy of effort and landings data are not questioned. So, whilst the big message isn’t in doubt – poor management resulted in serious stock declines – the underlying reasons are not made clear. This is old news dressed up as something new.
No-one disputes that more needs to be done to manage our marine environment effectively – least of all the British seafood industry. That’s why, in the last 15 years or so, industry, scientists and managers have introduced lots of new and innovative approaches. We now have long term management plans, multi-species models, effort controls to limit days at sea, more selective fishing gears and voluntary closures of fishing grounds. Fishermen are using responsible and sustainable techniques, managers understand what they need to do, and stocks are re-building.
The good, evidence-based news is that more UK fisheries are MSC certified than any other nation on earth. The UK was the first country in the world to launch an independently-audited Responsible Fishing Scheme in 2006, and the number of whitefish boats has decreased by 70% since the year 2000. Very recently, beam trawlers in southwest England have reduced discards of non-target fish species by an average of over 50% by modifying their fishing gear.
It’s all very well emphasizing ‘the urgent need for action’ but the authors would do well to look at what’s happening in today’s marine environment, rather than dredging up dodgy data from the past. This is an industry which has transformed itself since the mid-1990s, as acknowledged by many stakeholders across the spectrum, from government to NGOs.