Dioxin & EU's Controversial Action on Chemicals

Dioxin is the latest addition to the U.S. National Toxicology Program’s list of substances “known to be human carcinogens” as of mid-February. The chemical is also linked to immune system suppression, infertility and learning disabilities. Although it is no longer manufactured, it is a byproduct of many industrial processes, is produced during waste incineration and is present in some herbicides and pesticides. Dioxin levels in the bloodstreams of Americans have declined in recent years as a result of environmental controls, but it is still widespread in the environment and can be found in very small amounts in the general population.

A strategy for dealing with the world’s most hazardous substances was adopted by the European Commission in February. Information on about 30,000 substances that are carcinogenic, mutagenic, reproductive toxins, and persistent organic pollutants will be entered into a central database called the REACH system.

The chemical industry, not government, will be responsible for testing and risk assessment – a reversal of the present situation. A company that produces a specific chemical will have to supply data on that chemical; government authorities will evaluate the data and decide on testing programs necessary to support its use. Formulators and downstream users will have to supply data on their uses of the substance. Chemicals produced in volumes of more than 1,000 tons must be registered by the end of 2005, chemicals produced in volumes over 100 tons must be registered by the end of 2008, and those produced in quantities less than one ton must be registered by the end of 2012.

Environmental NGOs believe the strategy misses the mark by omitting a target date to cease all releases of hazardous substances to the environment. Says Greenpeace scientist, David Santillo, “Authorizations should be granted for a limited period only, should aim to avoid the use of these substances wherever possible, and all use and releases of hazardous substances should be phased out by 2020 at the latest.”

In addition, “Authorization for specific uses should also require demonstration by industry, to the satisfaction of all Member States, that the uses are essential to society and that less dangerous alternatives are not available. The authorization system should also prevent the introduction of new hazardous substances,” Santillo says.

The Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals warns the proposals will lead to an alarming rise in the numbers of animals used in laboratories throughout Europe unless the European Commission increases its funding and commitment to non-animal testing methods. They are also concerned that tests will be duplicated in different countries.

The chemicals industry also has problems with the proposal. The European Chemicals Industry Council objects to the layers of new bureaucracy and the necessity for more testing. Of particular concern is that the authorization process is based on the intrinsic properties of chemicals rather than on their real risks.

The chemicals strategy White Paper now goes to the Council and the European Parliament where the strategy will be translated into implementing legislation.