Costa Rica Creates Huge Marine Protection Area

A massive new marine protected area around Cocos Island off the coast of Costa Rica will offer endangered marine species such as hammerhead sharks and leatherback turtles the chance to recover from increasing pressures, while also building fish stocks that are valuable to local communities.

The protected area, called “Seamounts Marine Management Area” (Area Marina de Manejo Montes Submarinos)–extending nearly one million hectares–will be five times as large as the existing National Park around the Cocos Islands, currently a fully protected non-fishing zone covering nearly 200,000 hectares and a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

To put it in context, the new Seamounts Marine Management Area is larger than Yellowstone National Park in the United States, and second only to Galapagos National Park in terms of marine protected areas in the Eastern Tropical Pacific.

Located 550 km. (342 mi.) off the coast of Costa Rica in the Pacific Ocean, Cocos Island is just 20 km (12 mi.) in circumference, and is often dubbed “Shark Island” for the abundance of sharks that live in its waters, including white tipped reef sharks, whale sharks, and scalloped hammerhead sharks. The waters around Cocos also support more than 30 unique, marine endemic species, which represents more than 40% of the country’s known total.

Costa Rican President Laura Chinchilla Miranda signed an Executive Decree on Thursday March 3 that formalizes the creation of the new marine protected area.

Describing the decree as a day of national pride, Costa Rican Marine Program Coordinator for Conservation International, Marco Quesada said, “Creating a protected seamount area sets an important precedent. Sea mounts host endemic species, and the deep water that upwells along their sides brings nutrients that support rich feeding grounds for sealife on the surface. Seamounts serve as stepping stones for long-distance, migratory species, including sharks, turtles, whales and tuna. So we applaud the vision of the Costa Rican President, Laura Chinchilla Miranda, as well as the Minister and Vice Minister of Environment in making this historic move.“

The expanded protected area, which is likely to include both fully protected and low impact fishing zones, will encourage the sustainable management of fisheries resources and protect the scalloped hammerhead shark and the leatherback turtle, two threatened species that concentrate and feed in the new area, and two key ‘flagship’ species for the Eastern Tropical Pacific.

Leatherback turtles are listed as Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. The Costa Rican population has declined by 40% in the last 8 years, and 90% in the past 20 years, due in part to the loss of eggs to illegal harvest in nesting sites. Scalloped hammerhead sharks are on the globally Endangered species list, and are often targeted by fishermen for their fins, which attract high prices primarily for the Chinese market. Both scalloped hammerhead sharks and leatherback turtles are accidentally captured in commercial fishing operations.

“This new protected area gives us a better chance to ensure that these species will thrive for future generations to marvel at for many decades to come”, said Dr. Bryan Wallace, Conservation International’s Marine Flagship Species Program Director.

Recognized as a core site within CI’s Eastern Tropical Pacific Seascape (ETPS) program since 2005, Conservation International worked with local partners for the past six years, to help make this decree a reality. In that time, CI’s local team supported Costa Rica in developing national shark and turtle strategies and the creation of new management categories including Marine Reserves and Responsible Fishing Areas, directly involving local communities in management.

Scott Henderson, Regional Marine Conservation Director for Conservation International said, “Protecting threatened marine life and ensuring thriving fisheries is what our Eastern Tropical Pacific Seascape Program is all about. Costa Rica and its neighbors are enormously important centers of marine diversity and abundance that underpin valuable fisheries and tourism industries. Today’s announcement reconfirms Costa Rica’s role as a regional leader in green economic development–extending this approach from its land to its oceans. Tomorrow’s fisheries will show that the expansion of Cocos benefits fishermen, too.”